Declaration and Access of Lists of Lists

The simplest thing to build is a list of lists (sometimes called an array of arrays). It's reasonably easy to understand, and almost everything that applies here will also be applicable later on with the fancier data structures.

A list of lists, or an array of an array if you would, is just a regular old array @LoL that you can get at with two subscripts, like $LoL[3][2]. Here's a declaration of the array:

    # assign to our array a list of list references
    @LoL = (
           [ "fred", "barney" ],
           [ "george", "jane", "elroy" ],
           [ "homer", "marge", "bart" ],
    );

    print $LoL[2][2];
  bart

Now you should be very careful that the outer bracket type is a round one, that is, a parenthesis. That's because you're assigning to an @list, so you need parentheses. If you wanted there not to be an @LoL, but rather just a reference to it, you could do something more like this:

    # assign a reference to list of list references
    $ref_to_LoL = [
        [ "fred", "barney", "pebbles", "bambam", "dino", ],
        [ "homer", "bart", "marge", "maggie", ],
        [ "george", "jane", "alroy", "judy", ],
    ];

    print $ref_to_LoL->[2][2];

Notice that the outer bracket type has changed, and so our access syntax has also changed. That's because unlike C, in perl you can't freely interchange arrays and references thereto. $ref_to_LoL is a reference to an array, whereas @LoL is an array proper. Likewise, $LoL[2] is not an array, but an array ref. So how come you can write these:

    $LoL[2][2]
    $ref_to_LoL->[2][2]

instead of having to write these:

    $LoL[2]->[2]
    $ref_to_LoL->[2]->[2]

Well, that's because the rule is that on adjacent brackets only (whether square or curly), you are free to omit the pointer dereferencing arrow. But you cannot do so for the very first one if it's a scalar containing a reference, which means that $ref_to_LoL always needs it.

Growing Your Own

That's all well and good for declaration of a fixed data structure, but what if you wanted to add new elements on the fly, or build it up entirely from scratch?

First, let's look at reading it in from a file. This is something like adding a row at a time. We'll assume that there's a flat file in which each line is a row and each word an element. If you're trying to develop an @LoL list containing all these, here's the right way to do that:

    while (<>) {
        @tmp = split;
        push @LoL, [ @tmp ];
    }

You might also have loaded that from a function:

    for $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
        $LoL[$i] = [ somefunc($i) ];
    }

Or you might have had a temporary variable sitting around with the list in it.

    for $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
        @tmp = somefunc($i);
        $LoL[$i] = [ @tmp ];
    }

It's very important that you make sure to use the [] list reference constructor. That's because this will be very wrong:

    $LoL[$i] = @tmp;

You see, assigning a named list like that to a scalar just counts the number of elements in @tmp, which probably isn't what you want.

If you are running under use strict, you'll have to add some declarations to make it happy:

    use strict;
    my(@LoL, @tmp);
    while (<>) {
        @tmp = split;
        push @LoL, [ @tmp ];
    }

Of course, you don't need the temporary array to have a name at all:

    while (<>) {
        push @LoL, [ split ];
    }

You also don't have to use push(). You could just make a direct assignment if you knew where you wanted to put it:

    my (@LoL, $i, $line);
    for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
        $line = <>;
        $LoL[$i] = [ split ' ', $line ];
    }

or even just

    my (@LoL, $i);
    for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
        $LoL[$i] = [ split ' ', <> ];
    }

You should in general be leery of using potential list functions in a scalar context without explicitly stating such. This would be clearer to the casual reader:

    my (@LoL, $i);
    for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
        $LoL[$i] = [ split ' ', scalar(<>) ];
    }

If you wanted to have a $ref_to_LoL variable as a reference to an array, you'd have to do something like this:

    while (<>) {
        push @$ref_to_LoL, [ split ];
    }

Now you can add new rows. What about adding new columns? If you're dealing with just matrices, it's often easiest to use simple assignment:

    for $x (1 .. 10) {
        for $y (1 .. 10) {
            $LoL[$x][$y] = func($x, $y);
        }
    }

    for $x ( 3, 7, 9 ) {
        $LoL[$x][20] += func2($x);
    }

It doesn't matter whether those elements are already there or not: it'll gladly create them for you, setting intervening elements to undef as need be.

If you wanted just to append to a row, you'd have to do something a bit funnier looking:

    # add new columns to an existing row
    push @{ $LoL[0] }, "wilma", "betty";

Notice that I couldn't say just:

    push $LoL[0], "wilma", "betty";  # WRONG!

In fact, that wouldn't even compile. How come? Because the argument to push() must be a real array, not just a reference to such.

Access and Printing

Now it's time to print your data structure out. How are you going to do that? Well, if you want only one of the elements, it's trivial:

    print $LoL[0][0];

If you want to print the whole thing, though, you can't say

    print @LoL;         # WRONG

because you'll get just references listed, and perl will never automatically dereference things for you. Instead, you have to roll yourself a loop or two. This prints the whole structure, using the shell-style for() construct to loop across the outer set of subscripts.

    for $aref ( @LoL ) {
        print "\t [ @$aref ],\n";
    }

If you wanted to keep track of subscripts, you might do this:

    for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
        print "\t elt $i is [ @{$LoL[$i]} ],\n";
    }

or maybe even this. Notice the inner loop.

    for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
        for $j ( 0 .. $#{$LoL[$i]} ) {
            print "elt $i $j is $LoL[$i][$j]\n";
        }
    }

As you can see, it's getting a bit complicated. That's why sometimes is easier to take a temporary on your way through:

    for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
        $aref = $LoL[$i];
        for $j ( 0 .. $#{$aref} ) {
            print "elt $i $j is $LoL[$i][$j]\n";
        }
    }

Hmm... that's still a bit ugly. How about this:

    for $i ( 0 .. $#LoL ) {
        $aref = $LoL[$i];
        $n = @$aref - 1;
        for $j ( 0 .. $n ) {
            print "elt $i $j is $LoL[$i][$j]\n";
        }
    }

Slices

If you want to get at a slice (part of a row) in a multidimensional array, you're going to have to do some fancy subscripting. That's because while we have a nice synonym for single elements via the pointer arrow for dereferencing, no such convenience exists for slices. (Remember, of course, that you can always write a loop to do a slice operation.)

Here's how to do one operation using a loop. We'll assume an @LoL variable as before.

    @part = ();
    $x = 4;
    for ($y = 7; $y < 13; $y++) {
        push @part, $LoL[$x][$y];
    }

That same loop could be replaced with a slice operation:

    @part = @{ $LoL[4] } [ 7..12 ];

but as you might well imagine, this is pretty rough on the reader.

Ah, but what if you wanted a two-dimensional slice, such as having $x run from 4..8 and $y run from 7 to 12? Hmm... here's the simple way:

    @newLoL = ();
    for ($startx = $x = 4; $x <= 8; $x++) {
        for ($starty = $y = 7; $y <= 12; $y++) {
            $newLoL[$x - $startx][$y - $starty] = $LoL[$x][$y];
        }
    }

We can reduce some of the looping through slices

    for ($x = 4; $x <= 8; $x++) {
        push @newLoL, [ @{ $LoL[$x] } [ 7..12 ] ];
    }

If you were into Schwartzian Transforms, you would probably have selected map for that

    @newLoL = map { [ @{ $LoL[$_] } [ 7..12 ] ] } 4 .. 8;

Although if your manager accused of seeking job security (or rapid insecurity) through inscrutable code, it would be hard to argue. :-) If I were you, I'd put that in a function:

    @newLoL = splice_2D( \@LoL, 4 => 8, 7 => 12 );
    sub splice_2D {
        my $lrr = shift;        # ref to list of list refs!
        my ($x_lo, $x_hi,
            $y_lo, $y_hi) = @_;

        return map {
            [ @{ $lrr->[$_] } [ $y_lo .. $y_hi ] ]
        } $x_lo .. $x_hi;
    }

 my @stack;
push(@stack, 7, 6, "go"); 
my $action = pop @stack; 
my $value = pop(@stack) + pop(@stack);    # 13이 나옴

 use strict;
my @queue;
unshift (@queue, "Customer 1");
unshift (@queue, "Customer 2");
unshift (@queue, "Customer 3");  # @queue안에 ("Customer 3" "Customer 2" "Customer 1") 존재

my $item = pop(@queue);         # @queue 에는 ("Customer 3" "Customer 2")
print "Servicing $item\n";       # 출력  Servicing Customer 1
$item = pop(@queue);            # @queue 에는 ("Customer 3")
print "Servicing $item\n";       # 출력  Servicing Customer 2

@arr2 = @arr1[2..5];            # @arr 의 2번부터 5번까지 @arr2에 대입

@arr2 = ( @arr, $a, $b ); #   #@arr와 $a, $b를 합쳐 @arra2에 대입

( $name, $age, $home, $sex )  = @personal  # @personal의 값들을 각각의 변수에 대입

firstSub(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
firstSub(1..3);
firstSub("A".."Z");

sub firstSub {
    $numParameters = @_;
    print("The number of parameters is $numParameters\n");
}

The number of parameters is 6
The number of parameters is 3
The number of parameters is 26

areaOfRectangle(2, 3);
areaOfRectangle(5, 6);

sub areaOfRectangle {
    ($height, $width) = @_;

    $area = $height * $width;

    print("The height is $height. The width is $width.
        The area is $area.\n\n");
}

The height is 2. The width is 3.
        The area is 6.

The height is 5. The width is 6.
        The area is 30.

@array = (0..5);
print("Before function call, array = @array\n");
firstSub(@array);
print("After function call, array =  @array\n");

sub firstSub{
    $_[0] = "A";
    $_[1] = "B";
}

This program prints:

Before function call, array =  0 1 2 3 4 5
After function call, array =   A B 2 3 4 5

@array = (0..5);
print("Before function call, array = @array\n");
firstSub(@array);
print("After function call, array =  @array\n");

sub firstSub{
    ($firstVar, $secondVar) = @_;

    $firstVar = "A";
    $secondVar = "B";
}

This program prints:

Before function call, array =  0 1 2 3 4 5
After function call, array =   0 1 2 3 4 5

@array = (0..5);
print("Before function call, array = @array\n");
firstSub(@array);
print("After function call, array =  @array\n");

sub firstSub{
    ($firstVar, $secondVar) = @_;

    $firstVar = "A";
    $secondVar = "B";
}

This program prints:

Before function call, array =  0 1 2 3 4 5
After function call, array =   0 1 2 3 4 5

$firstVar = 10;
@array    = (0..5);

print("Before function call\n");
print("\tfirstVar = $firstVar\n");
print("\tarray    = @array\n");

firstSub(@array);

print("After function call\n");
print("\tfirstVar = $firstVar\n");
print("\tarray    = @array\n");

sub firstSub{
    ($firstVar, $secondVar) = @_;

    $firstVar = "A";
    $secondVar = "B";
}

This program prints:

Before function call
        firstVar = 10
        array    = 0 1 2 3 4 5

After function call
        firstVar = A
        array    = 0 1 2 3 4 5

firstSub("AAAAA", "BBBBB");
print("done: firstVar  = $firstVar\n");
print("done: secondVar = $secondVar\n\n");

sub firstSub{
    local ($firstVar) = $_[0];
    my($secondVar)    = $_[1];

    print("firstSub: firstVar  = $firstVar\n");
    print("firstSub: secondVar = $secondVar\n\n");

    secondSub();

    print("firstSub: firstVar  = $firstVar\n");
    print("firstSub: secondVar = $secondVar\n\n");
}

sub secondSub{
    print("secondSub: firstVar  = $firstVar\n");
    print("secondSub: secondVar = $secondVar\n\n");

    $firstVar  = "CCCCC";
    $secondVar = "DDDDD";

    print("secondSub: firstVar  = $firstVar\n");
    print("secondSub: secondVar = $secondVar\n\n");
}

This program prints:

firstSub: firstVar = AAAAA
firstSub: secondVar = BBBBB

secondSub: firstVar  = AAAAA
Use of uninitialized value at test.pl line 19.
secondSub: secondVar =

secondSub: firstVar  = CCCCC
secondSub: secondVar = DDDDD

firstSub: firstVar  = CCCCC
firstSub: secondVar = BBBBB

Use of uninitialized value at test.pl line 3.
done: firstVar  =
done: secondVar = DDDDD

firstSub((0..10), "AAAA");

sub firstSub{
    local(@array, $firstVar) = @_;

    print("firstSub: array    = @array\n");
    print("firstSub: firstVar = $firstVar\n");
}

This program prints:

firstSub: array    = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AAAA
Use of uninitialized value at test.pl line 8.
firstSub: firstVar =

firstSub("AAAA", (0..10));

sub firstSub{
    local($firstVar, @array) = @_;

    print("firstSub: array    = @array\n");
    print("firstSub: firstVar = $firstVar\n");
}

firstSub: array    = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
firstSub: firstVar = AAAA

%array = ( "100", "Green", "200", "Orange");

while (($key, $value) = each(%array)) {
    print("$key = $value\n");
}

100 = Green
200 = Orange

createPair("100",  "Kathy Jones");
createPair("200",  "Grace Kelly");
createPair("100", "George Orwell");

while (($key, $value) = each %array) {
    print("$key, $value\n");
};

sub createPair{
    my($key, $value) = @_;

    $array{$key} = $value;
};

100, George Orwell
200, Grace Kelly

createPair("100",  "Kathy Jones");
createPair("200",  "Grace Kelly");
createPair("100", "George Orwell");

while (($key, $value) = each %array) {
    print("$key, $value\n");
};

sub createPair{
    my($key, $value) = @_;

    while (defined($array{$key})) {
        $key++;
    }

    $array{$key} = $value;
};

100, Kathy Jones
101, George Orwell
200, Grace Kelly